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      ["dir"] => string(6) "wechat"
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        ["content_is_html"] => int(0)
        ["urlrule"] => int(1)
        ["contenturlrule"] => int(0)
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        ["meta_description"] => string(269) "专注提供专注提供小程序、商城小程序、门店小程序、微圈小程序、餐饮小程序开发,专业团队,一对一服务,助企业快速生成自己的移动端微商城平台. 艺源科技小程序采用高性能数据架构,系统稳定安全。"
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当前位置: 首页 > 新闻 > 业界动态
PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制
时间:2018-12-11 10:35:56
文章发布:李阳
原创作者:未知
来源:互联网

这次 Code-Breaking Puzzles 中我出了一道看似很简单的题目pcrewaf,将其代码简化如下:


<?php function is_php($data){       
   return preg_match('/<?.*[(`;?>].*/is', $data);
   }  

   if(!is_php($input)) {     
   // fwrite($f, $input); ... 
   } 


大意是判断一下用户输入的内容有没有 PHP 代码,如果没有,则写入文件。这种时候,如何绕过 is_php() 函数来写入 webshell 呢?


这道题看似简单,深究其原理,还是值得写一篇文章的。


一、正则表达式是什么


正则表达式是一个可以被「有限状态自动机」接受的语言类。


「有限状态自动机」,其拥有有限数量的状态,每个状态可以迁移到零个或多个状态,输入字串决定执行哪个状态的迁移。

而常见的正则引擎,又被细分为 DFA(确定性有限状态自动机)与 NFA(非确定性有限状态自动机)。他们匹配输入的过程分别是:


  • DFA:从起始状态开始,一个字符一个字符地读取输入串,并根据正则来一步步确定至下一个转移状态,直到匹配不上或走完整个输入


  • NFA:从起始状态开始,一个字符一个字符地读取输入串,并与正则表达式进行匹配,如果匹配不上,则进行回溯,尝试其他状态


由于 NFA 的执行过程存在回溯,所以其性能会劣于 DFA,但它支持更多功能。大多数程序语言都使用了 NFA 作为正则引擎,其中也包括 PHP 使用的  PCRE 库。


二、回溯的过程是怎样的


所以,我们题目中的正则 <?.*[(`;?>].*,假设匹配的输入是


PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制-艺源科技


见上图,可见第 4 步的时候,因为第一个 .* 可以匹配任何字符,所以最终匹配到了输入串的结尾,也就是  //aaaaa。但此时显然是不对的,因为正则显示.*后面还应该有一个字符 [(`;?>]。


所以 NFA 就开始回溯,先吐出一个 a,输入变成第 5 步显示的 //aaaa,但仍然匹配不上正则,继续吐出 a,变成  //aaa,仍然匹配不上……


最终直到吐出;,输入变成第 12 步显示的 ]  ,这个结果满足正则表达式的要求,于是不再回溯。13 步开始向后匹配;,14 步匹配.*,第二个.*匹配到了字符串末尾,最后结束匹配。


在调试正则表达式的时候,我们可以查看当前回溯的次数:


PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制-艺源科技


这里回溯了 8 次。


三、PHP 的 pcre.backtrack_limit 限制利用


PHP 为了防止正则表达式的拒绝服务攻击(reDOS),给 pcre 设定了一个回溯次数上限 pcre.backtrack_limit。我们可以通过   var_dump(ini_get(‘pcre.backtrack_limit’));的方式查看当前环境下的上限:


PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制-艺源科技


这里有个有趣的事情,就是 PHP 文档中,中英文版本的数值是不一样的:


PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制-艺源科技-艺源科技


我们应该以英文版为参考。


可见,回溯次数上限默认是 100 万。那么,假设我们的回溯次数超过了 100 万,会出现什么现象呢?比如:


PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制-艺源科技


可见,preg_match 返回的非 1 和 0,而是 false。


preg_match 函数返回 false 表示此次执行失败了,我们可以调用 var_dump(preg_last_error() ===  PREG_BACKTRACK_LIMIT_ERROR);,发现失败的原因的确是回溯次数超出了限制:


PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制-艺源科技


所以,这道题的答案就呼之欲出了。我们通过发送超长字符串的方式,使正则执行失败,最后绕过目标对 PHP 语言的限制。

对应的 POC 如下:


import requests 

from io import BytesIO 

files = { 

'file': BytesIO(b'aaa<?php eval($_POST[txt]);//' + b'a' * 1000000) 

res = requests.post('http://51.158.75.42:8088/index.php', filesfiles=files, allow_redirects=False

print(res.headers)


四、PCRE 另一种错误的用法


延伸一下,很多基于 PHP 的 WAF,如:


<?php if(preg_match('/SELECT.+FROM.+/is', $input)) {     die('SQL Injection'); } 


均存在上述问题,通过大量回溯可以进行绕过。


另外,我遇到更常见的一种 WAF 是:


<?php 
   if(preg_match('/UNION.+?SELECT/is', $input)) {
   die('SQL Injection');
   } 


这里涉及到了正则表达式的「非贪婪模式」。在 NFA 中,如果我输入 UNION/*aaaaa*/SELECT,这个正则表达式执行流程如下:


  • .+? 匹配到/


  • 因为非贪婪模式,所以.+? 停止匹配,而由 S 匹配*


  • S 匹配*失败,回溯,再由.+? 匹配*


  • 因为非贪婪模式,所以.+? 停止匹配,而由 S 匹配 a


  • S 匹配 a 失败,回溯,再由.+? 匹配 a



回溯次数随着 a 的数量增加而增加。所以,我们仍然可以通过发送大量 a,来使回溯次数超出 pcre.backtrack_limit 限制,进而绕过  WAF:


PHP利用PCRE回溯次数限制绕过某些安全限制-艺源科技

五、修复方法


那么,如何修复这个问题呢?


其实如果我们仔细观察 PHP 文档,是可以看到 preg_match 函数下面的警告的:



如果用 preg_match 对字符串进行匹配,一定要使用===全等号来判断返回值,如:


<?php 

function is_php($data){   

return preg_match('/<?.*[(`;?>].*/is', $data);   

if(is_php($input) === 0) {

// fwrite($f, $input); ... 

}


这样,即使正则执行失败返回 false,也不会进入 if 语句。

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